Science and the Scientific Method
The scientific method has proved itself phenomenally successful
in producing bodies of knowledge so reliable that much of
our civilization rests on them.
Wikipedia
defines the scientific method as follows:
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Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena
and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating
previous knowledge. It is based on observable, empirical, measurable evidence,
and subject to laws of reasoning. All such evidence is collectively
called scientific evidence.
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Elements
The basis of the scientific method is the repetition of
the following elements:
- Observation
- Hypothesis
- Prediction
- Experiment
The application of these elements is refined by repeating the process.
The process might start as a set of observations that prompt a hypothesis.
The hypothesis is used to make predictions,
which are tested through experiments.
Analysis of experimental results is used to
refine or replace the hypothesis,
guide observation, and make new predictions
to be tested by new experiments.
Through the repetition of this process,
the hypothesis may be elevated to or incorporated into a theory.
At the heart of the scientific method is a willingness to revise
one's ideas about a phenomenon in the light of findings.
The process is supported by peer review,
in which findings are subject to examination by others.
Results must be reproducible to be scientifically valid.